|
Wilkinson, C., Lindén, O., Cesar, H., Hodgson, G., Rubens, J., & Strong, A. E. (1999). Ecological and socioeconomic impacts of 1998 coral mortality in the Indian Ocean: An ENSO impact and a warning of future change? Ambio, 28(2).
|
Indian Ocean
|
Many corals in this region bleached and subsequently died during the 1998 ENSO events due to the high water temperatures in combination with other meteorological and climatic factors. The secondary socioeconomic effects of coral bleaching for coastal communities of the Indian Ocean are likely to be long lasting and severe. One such impact, which was also observed in the aftermath of the 1998 bleaching events, was the decrease in tourism income due to the changes in reef fish populations that are main attraction for divers.
|
Enhance current reef management by reducing anthropogenic impacts and implementing integrated coastal management.
|