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Wilkinson, C., Lindén, O., Cesar, H., Hodgson, G., Rubens, J., & Strong, A. E. (1999). Ecological and socioeconomic impacts of 1998 coral mortality in the Indian Ocean: An ENSO impact and a warning of future change? Ambio, 28(2).
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Indian Ocean
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Many corals in this region bleached and subsequently died during the 1998 ENSO events due to the high water temperatures in combination with other meteorological and climatic factors. The secondary socioeconomic effects of coral bleaching for coastal communities of the Indian Ocean are likely to be long lasting and severe. In addition to potential decreases in fish stocks and negative effects on tourism, erosion may become an acute problem, particularly in the Maldives and Seychelles. Erosion will result from losses of the protective barrier function of the reefs.
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Enhance current reef management by reducing anthropogenic impacts and implementing integrated coastal management.
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