LPJ Publications

, or used the model for your own research, please cite the following papers:

Sitch S, Smith B, Prentice IC, Arneth A, Bondeau A, Cramer W, Kaplan J, Levis S, Lucht, W, Sykes M, Thonicke K, Venevsky S 2003
Evaluation of ecosystem dynamics, plant geography and terrestrial carbon cycling in the LPJ Dynamic Vegetation Model.
Global Change Biology 9: 161–185

Gerten D, Schaphoff S, Haberlandt U, Lucht W, Sitch S 2004
Terrestrial vegetation and water balance: hydrological evaluation of a dynamic global vegetation model.
Journal of Hydrology 286: 249–270

This is the LPJmL paper:

Bondeau A, Smith P, Zaehle S, Schaphoff S, Lucht W, Cramer W, Gerten D, Lotze-Campen H, Müller C, Reichstein M, Smith B 2007
Modelling the role of agriculture for the 20th century global terrestrial carbon balance.
Global Change Biology 13, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01305.x

Submitted

Sitch S, McGuire AD, Kimball J, Gedney N, Gamon J, Engstrom R, Wolf, A, Zhuang, Q, Clein J submitted
Assessing the circumpolar carbon balance of arctic tundra with remote sensing and process-based modeling approaches

In Press

Rickebusch S, Thuiller W, Hickler T, Araujo MB, Sykes MT, Schweiger O, Lafourcade B in press
Incorporating the effects of changes in vegetation functioning and CO2 on water availability in plant habitat models.
Biology Letters

2008

Hickler T, Smith B,  Prentice IC, Mjöfors K, Arneth A, Sykes MT 2008

CO2 fertilization in temperate FACE experiments not representative of boreal and tropical forests.

14: 1531-1542

Jansson M, Hickler T, Jonsson A, Karlsson J 2008

Links between terrestrial primary production and bacterial production and respiration in lakes in a climate gradient in subarctic Sweden.

11: 367-376

Miller PA, Giesecke T, Hickler T, Bradshaw RHW, Smith B, Seppä H, Valdes PJ, Sykes MT 2008

Exploring climatic and biotic controls on Holocene vegetation change in Fennoscandia.

96: 247-259

Thomas CD, Ohlemüller R, Anderson B, Hickler T, Miller PA, Sykes MT, Williams JW 2008

Exporting the ecological impacts of climate change.

. EMBO Reports 9, S1, S28–S33.

2007

Arneth A, Niinemets Ü, Pressley S, Bäck J, Hari P, Karl T, Noe S, Prentice IC, Serça D, Hickler T, Wolf A, Smith B 2007
Process-based estimates of terrestrial ecosystem isoprene emissions: incorporating the effects of a direct CO2-isoprene interaction.
Journal of Biogeography 33: 145-157

Beer C, Lucht W, Gerten D, Thonicke K, Schmullius C 2007
Effects of soil freezing and thawing on vegetation carbon density in Siberia - A modeling analysis with the LPJ-DGVM.
Global Biogeochemical Cycles 21, GB1012, doi:10.1029/2006GB002760

Bondeau A, Smith P, Zaehle S, Schaphoff S, Lucht W, Cramer W, Gerten D, Lotze-Campen H, Müller C, Reichstein M, Smith B 2007
Modelling the role of agriculture for the 20th century global terrestrial carbon balance.
Global Change Biology 13, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01305.x

Gerten D, Schaphoff S, Lucht W 2007
Potential future changes in water limitations of the terrestrial biosphere
Climatic Change: online first, doi: 10.1007/s10584-006-9104-8

Morales P, Hickler T, Rowell DP, Smith B, Sykes MT 2007
Changes in European ecosystem productivity and carbon balance driven by Regional Climate Model output.
Global Change Biology 13: 108-122

Müller C, Lucht W 2007
Robustness of terrestrial carbon and water cycle simulations against variations in spatial resolution.
Journal of Geophysical Research 112, doi: 10.1029/2006JD007875

Müller C, Eickhout B, Zaehle S,  Bondeau S, Cramer S, Lucht W 2007
Effects of changes in CO2, climate, and land use on the carbon balance of the land biosphere during the 21st century,
Journal of Geophysical Research 112, G02032, doi:10.1029/2006JG000388.

Olesen JE, Carter TR, Diaz-Ambrona CH, Fronzek S, Heidmann T, Hickler T, Holt T, Minguez-Tudela MI, Morales P, Palutikov J, Quemada M, Ruiz-Ramos M, Rubäck G, Sau F, Smith B,  Sykes MT 2007
Uncertainties in projected impacts of climate change on European agriculture and terrestrial ecosystems based on scenarios from regional climate models.
Climatic Change 81: 123-143.

Olofsson J and Hickler T Human 2007
Human impact on the global carbon cycle during the last 6000 years.
Archeobotany and vegetation history. Online early

Werner C, Butterbach-Bahl K, Haas E, Hickler  T, Kiese R 2007
A global inventory from tropical rainforest soils of N2O emissions using a detailed biogeochemical model.
Global Biogeochemical Cycles 21: GB3010, doi:10.1029/2006GB002909

Prentice IC, Bondeau A, Cramer W, Harrison SP, Hickler T, Lucht W, Sitch S, Smith B & Sykes MT 2007
Dynamic global vegetation modelling: quantifying terrestrial ecosystem responses to large-scale environmental change.
In: Canadell JP, Pataki D & Pitelka LF (eds.) Terrestrial Ecosystems in a Changing World. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, Pp. 175-192

Zaehle S, Bondeau A, Carter TR, Cramer W, Erhard M, Prentice IC, Reginster I, Rounsevell MDA, Sitch S, Smith B, Smith PC & Sykes M 2007
Projected change in terrestrial carbon storage in Europe under climate and land use change.
Ecosystems, Online First, doi: 10.1007/s10021-007-9028-9

2006

Beer C, Lucht W, Schmullius C, Shvidenko A 2006
Small net carbon dioxide uptake by Russian forests during 1981-1999.
Geophysical Research Letters 33: L15403, doi: 10.1029/2006GL026919

Erbrecht T, Lucht W 2006
Impacts of large-scale climatic disturbances on the terrestrial carbon cycle.
Carbon Balance and Management 1:7, doi:10.1186/1750-0680-1-7 (open access)

Hély C, Bremond L, Alleaume S, Smith B, Sykes MT, Guiot J 2006
Sensitivity of African biomes to changes in the precipitation regime.
Global Ecology and Biogeography 15: 258-270

Hickler T, Prentice IC, Smith B, Sykes MT, Zaehle S 2006
Implementing plant hydraulic architecture within the LPJ Dynamic Global Vegetation Model.
Global Ecology and Biogeography 15: 567-577

Koca D, Smith B, Sykes MT 2006
Modelling regional climate change effects on Swedish ecosystems.
Climatic Change 78: 381-406

Leipprand A, Gerten D 2006
Global effects of doubled atmospheric CO₂ content on evapotranspiration, soil moisture and runoff under potential natural vegetation.
Hydrological Sciences Journal 51: 171-185

Liu Z, Notaro M, Kutzbach J, Liu N 2006
Assessing global vegetation-climate feedbacks from observations.
Journal of Climate 19: 787-814

Liu Z, Wang Y, Gallimore R, Notaro M, Prentice IC 2006
On the cause of abrupt vegetation collapse in North Africa during the Holocene: Climate variability vs. vegetation feedback.
Geophysical Research Letters 33: L22709, doi:10.1029/2006GL028062.

Liu Z, Wang Y, Gallimore R, Gasse F, Johnson T, deMenocal P, Adkins J, Notaro M, Prentice IC, Kutzbach J, Jacob R, Behling P, Wang L, Ong E 2006
Simulating the transient evolution and abrupt change of North Africa atmosphere-ocean-terrestrial ecosystem in the Holocene.
Journal of Quaternary Science, accepted

Lucht W, Schaphoff S, Erbrecht T, Heyder U, Cramer W 2006
Terrestrial vegetation redistribution and carbon balance under climate change.
Carbon Balance and Management 1: 6, doi: 10.1186/1750-0680-1-6

Müller C, Bondeau A, Lotze-Campen H, Cramer W, Lucht W 2006
Comparative impact of climatic and non-climatic factors on global terrestrial carbon and water cycles.
Global Biogeochemical Cycles 20: GB4015, doi:10.1029/2006GB002742

Notaro, M, Vavrus S, Liu Z 2006
Global vegetation and climate change due to future increases in CO2 as projected by a fully coupled model with dynamic vegetation.
Journal of Climate 20: 70-90

Notaro M, Liu Z 2006
Potential impact of the Eurasian boreal forest on North Pacific climate variability.
Journal of Climate 20: 981-992

Reichstein M, Ciais P, Papale D, Valentini R, Running S, Viovy N, Cramer W, Granier A, Ogée J, Allard V, Aubinet M, Bernhofer C, Buchmann N, Carrara A, Grünwald T, Heimann M, Heinesch B, Knohl A, Kutsch W, Loustau D, Manca G, Matteucci G, Miglietta F, Ourcival JM, Pilegaard K, Pumpanen J, Rambal S, Schaphoff S, Seufert G, Soussana J-F, Sanz MJ, Vesala T, Zhao M 2006

Reduction of ecosystem productivity and respiration during the European summer 2003 climate anomaly: a joint flux tower, remote sensing and modelling analysis.
Global Change Biology, OnlineEarly, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01224.x

Schaphoff S, Lucht W, Gerten D, Sitch S, Cramer W, Prentice IC 2006
Terrestrial biosphere carbon storage under alternative climate projections.
Climatic Change 74: 97-122

Scholze M, Knorr W, Arnell NW, Prentice IC 2006
A climate-change risk analysis for world ecosystems.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 103(35): 13116-13120

Thonicke K, Cramer W 2006
Long-term trends in vegetation dynamics and forest fires in Brandenburg (Germany) under a changing climate.
Natural Hazards 38: 283-300, doi: 10.1007/s11069-005-8639-8

Zaehle S, Sitch S, Prentice IC, Liski J, Cramer W, Erhard M, Hickler T, Smith B 2006
The importance of representing age-related decline in forest NPP for modeling regional carbon balances.
Ecological Applications 16: 1555-1574

2005

Gallimore R., Jacob R, Kutzbach J 2005
Coupled atmosphere-ocean-vegetation simulations for modern and mid-Holocene climates: Role of extratropical vegetation cover feedbacks.
Climate Dynamics 25 (7-8): 755-776, doi 10.1007/s00382-005-0054-z

Gerten D, Lucht W, Schaphoff S, Cramer W, Hickler T, Wagner W 2005
Hydrologic resilience of the terrestrial biosphere.
Geophysical Research Letters 32: L21408, doi: 10.1029/2005GL024247

Gerten D, Haberlandt U, Cramer W, Erhard M 2005
Terrestrial carbon and water fluxes.
in: Hantel, M.(Ed.), Observed Global Climate, Landolt-Börnstein New Series Vol. 6, Springer, Berlin, 2005.

Gerten D, Hoff H, Bondeau A, Lucht W, Smith P, Zaehle S 2005
Contemporary "green" water flows: simulations with a dynamic global vegetation and water balance model.
Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 30: 334-338

Hickler T, Eklundh L, Seaquist J, Smith B, Ardö J, Olsson L, Sykes M, Sjöström M 2005
Precipitation controls Sahel greening trend.
Geophysical Research Letters 32, doi: 10.1029/2005GL024370

Köhler P, Joos F, Gerber S, Knutti R 2005

Simulated changes in vegetation distribution, land carbon storage, and atmospheric CO2 in response to a collapse of the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation.
Climate Dynamics, 25 (7-8): 689-708, doi: 10.1007/s00382-005-0058-8

Ni J, Harrison SP, Prentice IC, Kutzbach J, Stich S 2005
Impact of climate variability on present and Holocene vegetation: A model-based study.
Ecological Modelling 191: 469-486

Notaro M, Liu Z, Gallimore R, Vavrus SJ, Kutzbach JE, Prentice IC, Jacob RL 2005
Simulated and observed pre-industrial to modern vegetation and climate changes.
Journal of Climate 18 (17): 3650-3671

Peylin P, Bousquet P, Le Quere C, Sitch S, Friedlingsstein P, McKinley G, Gruber N, Rayner P, Ciais P 2005
Multiple constraints on regional CO₂ flux variations over land and oceans.
Global Change Biology 19: GB1011, doi:10.1029/2003GB002214

Schröter D, Cramer W, Leemans R, Prentice IC, Araújo MB, Arnell NW, Bondeau A, Bugmann H, Carter TR, Garcia CA, de la Vega-Leinert AC, Erhard M, Ewert F, Glendining M, House JI, Kankaanpää S, Klein RJT, Lavorel S, Lindner M, Metzger MJ, Meyer J, Mitchell TD, Reginster I, Rounsevell M, Sabaté S, Sitch S, Smith B, Smith J, Smith P, Sykes MT, Thonicke K, Thuiller W, Tuck G, Zaehle S, Zierl B 2005
Ecosystem Service Supply and Vulnerability to Global Change in Europe.
Science, 310: 1333-1337, doi: 10.1126/science.1115233 (13)

Sitch S, Brovkin V,  von Bloh W 2005
Impacts of future land cover changes on atmospheric CO₂ and climate.
Global Biogeochemical Cycles 19: GB2013, doi:10.1029/2004GB002311

Thonicke K, Prentice IC, Hewitt C 2005
Modeling glacial-interglacial changes in global fire regimes and trace gas emissions.
Global Biogeochemical Cycles 19: GB3008, doi:10.1029/2004GB002278

Wu L, Liu Z, Gallimore R, Notaro M, Jacob R 2005
Modeling surgery: A new way toward understanding Earth climate variability.
Journal of Ocean University of China 10: 306-314

Zaehle S, Sitch S, Smith B, Hatterman F 2005
Effects of parameter uncertainties on the modeling of terrestrial biosphere dynamics.
Global Biogeochemical Cycles 19: GB3020, doi:10.1029/2004GB002395

2004

Cramer W, Bondeau A, Schaphoff S, Lucht W, Smith B, Sitch S 2004
Tropical forests and the global carbon cycle: impacts of atmospheric carbon dioxide, climate change and rate of deforestation.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London B 359: 331-343, doi: 10.1098/rstb.2003.1428

Brovkin V, Sitch S, von Bloh W, Clausen M, Bauer E, Cramer W 2004
Role of land cover changes for atmospheric CO₂ increase and climate change during the last 150 years.
Global Change Biology 10: 1-14, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00812.x

Gerber S, Joos F, Prentice I C 2004
Sensitivity of a dynamic global vegetation model to climate and atmospheric CO₂.
Global Change Biology 7: 357-373

Gerten D, Bondeau A, Hoff H, Lucht W, Schaphoff S, Smith P 2004
Assessment of 'green' water fluxes with a Dynamic Global Vegetation Model.
In: Webb B, Arnell N, Onof C, MacIntyre N, Gurney R, Kirby C (eds.) Hydrology: Science and Practice for the 21st Century. Vol. I: 29-35, British Hydrological Society

Gerten D, Schaphoff S, Haberlandt U, Lucht W, Sitch S 2004
Terrestrial vegetation and water balance - hydrological evaluation of a dynamic global vegetation model.
Journal of Hydrology 286: 249-270

Hickler T, Smith B, Sykes MT, Davis MB, Sugita S, Walker K 2004
Using a generalized vegetation model to simulate vegetation dynamics in the western Great Lakes region, USA, under alternative disturbance regime.
Ecology 85: 519-530

Joos F, Gerber S, Prentice IC, Otto-Bliesner BL, Valdes PJ 2004
Transient simulations of Holocene atmospheric carbon dioxide and terrestrial carbon since the Last Glacial Maximum.
Global Biogeochemical Cycles 18, GB2002, doi: 10.1029/2003GB002156

Joos F, Prentice IC 2004
A paleo-perspective on changes in atmospheric CO₂ and climate in: Towards stabilization of atmospheric CO₂.
In: Field C, Raupach M (eds.) SCOPE/GCP rapid assessment of the carbon cycle. Island Press

McCloy KR, Lucht W 2004
Comparative evaluation of seasonal patterns in long time series of satellite data and simulations of a global vegetation model.
IEEE Transaction on Geosciences and Remote Sensing 42: 140-153

2003

Bachelet D, Neilson RP, Hickler T, Drapek RJ, Lenihan JM, Sykes M, Smith B, Sitch S, Thonicke K 2003
Simulating past and future dynamics of natural ecosystems in the United States.
Global Biogeochemical Cycles 17: 14-1, doi: 10.1029/2001GB001508

Bonan G, Levis S, Sitch S, Vertenstein M, Oleson KW 2003
A dynamic global vegetation model for use with climate models: concepts and description of simulated vegetation dynamics.
Global Change Biology 9: 1543-1566, doi: 10.1046/j.1529-8817.2003.00681.x

Gerber S, Joos F, Brügger P, Stocker TF, Mann ME, Sitch S, Scholze M 2003
Constraining temperature variations over the last millenium by comparing simulated and observed atmospheric CO₂.
Climate Dynamics 20: 281-299, doi: 10.1007/s00382-002-0270-8

Kaplan JO, Bigelow NH, Prentice IC, Harrison SP, Bartlein PJ, Christensen TR, Cramer W, Matveyeva NV, McGuire AD, Murray DF, Razzhivin VY, Smith B, Walker DA, Anderson PM, Andreev AA, Brubaker LB, Edwards ME, Lozhkin AV 2003
Climate change and Arctic ecosystems: 2. Modeling, paleodata-model comparisons, and future projections.
Journal of Geophysical Research 108: 12-1, doi: 10.1029/2002JD002559

Lucht W 2003
Der Norden ergrünt im Computer.
Spektrum der Wissenschaften 2/03: 8-10

Scholze M, Kaplan JO, Knorr W, Heimann M 2003
Climate and interannual variability of the atmosphere-biosphere ¹³CO₂ flux.
Geophysical Research Letters 30: 1097, doi: 10.1029/2002GL015631

Sitch S, Smith B, Prentice IC, Arneth A, Bondeau A, Cramer W, Kaplan J, Levis S, Lucht, W, Sykes M, Thonicke K, Venevsky S 2003
Evaluation of ecosystem dynamics, plant geography and terrestrial carbon cycling in the LPJ Dynamic Vegetation Model.
Global Change Biology 9: 161–185

Wagner W, Scipal K, Pathe C, Gerten D, Lucht W, Rudolf B 2003
Evaluation of the agreement between the first global remotely sensed soil moisture data with model and precipitation data.
Journal of Geophysical Research 108: 4611, doi: 10.1029/2003JD003663

2002

Dargaville, R. J., M. Heimann, A. D. McGuire, I. C. Prentice, D. W. Kicklighter, F. Joos, J. S. Clein, G. Esser, J. Foley, J. Kaplan, R. A. Meier, J. M. Melillo, B. Moore III, N. Ramankutty, T. Reichenau, A. Schloss, S. Sitch, H. Tian, L. J. Williams and U. Wittenberg, Evaluation of terrestrial carbon cycle models with atmospheric CO2 measurements: Results from transient simulations considering increasing CO₂, climate, and land-use effects, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 16(4), 1092, doi: 10.1029/2001GB001426, 2002.

Joos, F., I. C. Prentice and J. I. House, Growth enhancement due to global atmospheric change as predicted by terrestrial ecosystem models: consistent with U. S. forest inventory, Global Change Biology, 8, 299-303, 2002.

Knorr, W.; Smith, B.; Widlowski, J.-L.; Pinty, B. and Gobron, N.(2002): Combining remote sensing techniques with productivity models: a case study for monitoring carbon stocks in northern European forests Proceedings of the OECD Workshop "Remote Sensing for Agriculture and the Environment", Kifissia, Greece, September 17-20, 2002.

Lucht, W., I. C. Prentice, R. B. Myneni, S. Sitch, P. Friedlingstein, W. Cramer, P. Bousquet, W. Buermann and B. Smith, Climate effects upon vegetation explain remotely-sensed boreal greening trend and Pinatubo effect, Science, 296, 1687 - 1689, 2002.

Pan, Y., A. McGuire, A. David; Melillo, Jerry M.; Kicklighter, David W.; Sitch, Stephen and Prentice, I. Colin (2002):
A biogeochemistry-based dynamic vegetation model and its application along a moisture gradient in the continental United States
Journal of Vegetation Science, 13, p. 369-382, 2002.

Scheffler, C., Früherkennung und Beobachtung von Hochwasser mittels ERS-Scatterometerdaten am Beispiel der Einzugsgebiete Sambesi und Limpopo im Zeitraum von 1992 bis 2000, Diplomarbeit Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, unveröffentlicht, 2002.

Thonicke, K., S. Venevsky and W. Cramer, Vegetation and fire interactions under different climate conditions - Two examples of human-dominated fire regimes
Conference Proceedings of IV International Conference of Forest Fire Research, 18.-23. November 2002, Luso-Coimbra, Portugal.

Venevsky, S., K. Thonicke, S. Sitch and W. Cramer, Simulating fire regimes in human-dominated ecosystems: Iberian Peninsula case study, Global Change Biology, 8, 984-998, 2002.

2001

Cramer, W., A. Bondeau, F. I. Woodward, I. C. Prentice, R. A. Betts, V. Brovkin, P. M. Cox, V. Fisher, J. Foley, A. D. Friend, C. Kucharik, M. R. Lomas, N. Ramankutty, S. Sitch, B. Smith, A. White and C. Young-Molling, Global response of terrestrial ecosystem structure and function to CO₂ and climate change: results from six dynamic global vegetation models, Global Change Biology, 7, 357-373, 2001.

McCloy, K. R. and W. Lucht, Comparison of the Fraction Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (FPAR) data derived from AVHRR NDVI data with that estimated by the LPJ global dynamic vegetation model, for the globe over the period July 1981 - June 1998,  International geoscience remote sensing symposium 01, July 9 - 13, 2001, Sydney, Australia.

McGuire, A.D., S. Sitch, J. S. Clein, R. Dargaville, G. Esser, J. Foley, M. Heimann, F. Joos, J. Kaplan, D. W. Kicklighter, R. A. Meier, J. M. Melillo, B. Moore III, I. C. Prentice, N. Ramankutty, T. Reichenau, A. Schloss, H. Tian, L. J. Williams and U. Wittenberg, Carbon balance of the terrestrial biosphere in the twentieth century: Analyses of CO₂, climate and land use effects with four process-based ecosystem models, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 15(1), 183-206, 2001.

Joos, F., I. C. Prentice, S. Sitch, R. Meyer, G. Hooss, G.-K. Plattner, S. Gerber, S. and K. Hasselmann, Global warming feedbacks on terrestrial carbon uptake under the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) emmission scenarios, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 15, 891-908, 2001.

Lucht, W., A. Bondeau, S. Sitch, W. Cramer, S. Venevsky and K. Thonicke, Synergistic use of satellite data and a dynamic model of the global biospheric carbon cycle 8th Int. Symp. Phys. Meas. Signat. in Remote Sensing, Aussois, France, January 8-12, 659-668, 2001.

Smith, B., I. C. Prentice and M. T. Sykes, Representation of vegetation dynamics in the modelling of terrestrial ecosystems: comparing two contrasting approaches within European climate space, Global Ecology & Biogeography, 10 (ETEMA special issue), 621-637, 2001.

Thonicke, K., S. Venevsky, S. Sitch and W. Cramer, The role of fire disturbance for global vegetation dynamics: coupling fire into a Dynamic Global Vegetation Model, Global Ecology & Biogeography, 10 (ETEMA special issue), 661-677, 2001.

2000

Heimann, M. and CCMLP Participants, The Carbon Cycle Model Linkage Project (CCMLP), IGBP GAIM Research Newsletter,  4(1), 7-15, 2000.

Prentice, I.C., M. Heimann and S. Sitch, The carbon balance of the terrestrial biosphere: ecosystem models and atmospheric observations, Ecological Applications, 10, 1553-1573, 2000.

Sitch, S., The role of vegetation dynamics in the control of atmospheric CO₂ content Dissertation, Lund University, Lund, Sweden, 2000.

1999 (basic references for LPJ predecessors)

Cramer, W., D. W. Kicklighter, A. Bondeau, B. Moore III, G. Churkina, B. Nemry, A. Ruimy, A. L. Schloss and Participants of "Potsdam '95", Comparing global models of terrestrial net primary productivity (NPP): Overview and key results, Global Change Biology, 5, Suppl. 1, 1-15, 1999.

Fosberg, M. A., W. Cramer, V. Brovkin, R. Fleming, R. H. Gardner, A. M. Gill, J. G. Goldammer, R. Keane, P. Koehler, J. Lenihan, R. P. Neilson, S. Sitch, K. Thonicke, S. Venevski, M. G. Weber and U. Wittenberg, U. , Strategy for a fire module in dynamic global vegetation models, International Journal of Wildland Fire, 9, 79-84, 1999.

Kicklighter, D. W., M. Bruno, S. Doenges, G. Esser, M. Heimann, J. Helfrich, F. Ift, F. Joos, J. Kaduk, G. H. Kohlmaier, A. D. McGuire, J. M. Melillo, R. Meyer, B. Moore III, A. Nadler, I. C. Prentice, W. Sauf, A. L. Schloss, S. Sitch, U. Wittenberg and G. Würth, A first order analysis of the potential role of CO₂ fertilization to affect the global carbon budget: A comparison study of four terrestrial biosphere models, Tellus, Ser. B, 51, 343-366, 1999.

Before 1999

Cramer, W., Using Plant Functional Types in a Global Vegetation Model, in: Smith, T. M., H. H. Shugart and F. I. Woodward (eds.): Plant Funtional Types: Their Relevance to Ecosystem Properties and Global Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 271-288, 1997.

Haxeltine, Alex and I. Colin Prentice, BIOME3: An equikibrium terrestrial biosphere model based on ecophysiological constraints, resource availability, and competition among plant functional types, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 10(4), 693-709, 1996.

Steffen, W. L., W. Cramer, M. Plöchl and H. Bugmann, Global Vegetation Models: Incorporating Transient Changes to Structure and Composition, Journal of Vegetation Science, 7(3), 321-328, 1996.

Cramer, W., Using plant functional types in a global vegetation model, PIK Report No.3, Potsdam, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), 1994.

Prentice, I. C., W. Cramer, S.P. Harrison, R. Leemans, R.A. Monserud and A. M. Solomon, A global biome model based on plant physiology and dominance, soil properties and climate, Journal of Biogeography, 19(2), 117-134, 1992.